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Cladogram

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hi sister Anderson in this podcast I'm going to talk about the cladogram cladogram is a play Taking characteristics that are shared by organisms and then putting together a hypothesis of how you think they may be related or a phylogenetic tree it's not why did Mexican gas at how that might occur and so luckily I was just working and water yesterday and I discovered the Seven creatures and I've set a map to myself of course they're called Anderson EI Aquatica and they're all subspecies of that but basically they have a lot of different characteristics and soap put those together in a cladogram well when you were growing up you probably watch Sesame Street and they used to play a game called one of these things is not like the other and so that's a good that a cladogram is it basically which of these doesn't look like the others which of these is an out-group we should be able to figure this out first one would be seen in the chapter 4 actually click on it the next one that would Branch off according to this would be because it doesn't have a I but we're going to have that in G can I play along with me what's going to be the next one that's right going to be seen and then after that  hey Minister that  bath and then finally after that we have beans so you can probably do that to put them in order looking at what characteristics they have so that Ribbit going to be the one that doesn't have any of these characteristics or maybe Warren and so basically a cladogram is going to look like this it's going to be a hypothesis of how these things to meet since I could look down here and I could say well right here there's one characteristic and that would be that there is a cell membrane in other words all the cell membrane until the show you how this is read basically everything the branches out from this point is going to be a cell membrane what is the branching point where you can think of that as a common in sure between all of the organisms that are on here prefer to go right here this would be Circle  Surfrider move up a little bit what's going to be the next thing that the next time you give me the I could keep going all the way up knees are characteristics that are added we use those to make a cladogram that is some interesting things you should know the cladogram says it's true who's more related is if more related to Dean or is it more related to a really good Intel basically how do we know which is related to and I would say the right answer is you have to understand that a cladogram or phylogenetic tree for that matter time I go in this direction for going to put time on the side in other words this is going to be the most ancient common ancestor and then we're going to work progressively us the Anthony would share a common ancestor right here but SMA are going to share a common ancestor all the way back down here different way further back in time we would say that acid more related to the pretty simplistic wine and again assistant like to have might occur question my V will look at a new one the pay Discover something like this this is feces 8 sure substances 8 where would you put that on this cladogram and when I talk to students in classes three areas or four areas where they might want to have that for some people think we that it kind of like French me last year  something we should do it right you're branching something that should something like this and something that you look something like that for these are all plausible another with these are all yet and we can put way more in there than this but what's up quote unquote right answers on well if I had to put this somewhere what I would do is I would put it right here  in other words Branson off here and the reason why is that her to put away back here before the eye of all because we didn't have that I well red light but it would be odd that it would also involve the same exact teeth in the same defense it's like that we signed farther up no more plausible gas would be did Branch off of this a minute lost his eye and how could have moved to die both where to put one of these in the area where there's no light and there that I wouldn't be in the the locker times in her adding a cladogram we just add characteristics that are added but no did that it just as likely to lose something that we've gained as to gain something you a pretty good guess as to where it goes and what I'm talking about now is Occam's razor in other words I'm talking about the theory of parsimony what what does that even mean what basically means they're all things are equal the simplest explanation for for how that occurred is probably the most in other words if I come out in the morning and there's a glass of milk that's filled in the kitchen I can come up with a bunch of different hypotheses it could be aliens it could be big ready to be a massive earthquake or could be my cat and if I were to look at all of these so it's most likely going to be my cat doesn't mean that it's right doesn't mean to aliens didn't come down spill my milk it just means that it's more than likely the cat that did it so when you're building a cladogram kind of try to do that and you try to use this idea the idea that the simplest explanation is the best sold one of these that's created for primate and if this one again to go back in general in biology we used to use all these characteristics to put organisms in a cladogram physical characteristics but you can imagine that great way to classify life where they even showed evolutionary relationship today we now have DNA rib genetic and so you can create a cladogram like this sequencing the DNA in all these different organisms and then throwing them in the computer and it can create a plausible front of a cladogram into where are you you're right here on the human disappear to go across from the leftover look at these to the Lemur and the Loris they share a common ancestor right here but they also show a distance ancestor with all of the primates on here all the way back here before to work across to the tarsier or the new world and Old World monkeys is kind of a weird new world is a South American monkeys for example could be the squirrel monkey and Old World monkey be like a baboon do all of these things have tails and now we move up to the first one would be the given I would be the first Branch point then we have the orangutan the gorilla the chimp and we can put the Nobel branching out here in they have the human just a cladogram at the hypothesis of how these things are related and you're looking at characteristics that are shared by all of these but the character characteristics for looking at now or homologous structures of DNA in other words with a genetic match up that means they had a common answer  does it mean play turn from gorilla to human ancestor way back at this point and I hope

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