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AMS The Cell cycle and Cancer

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have you ever been sitting in class and thought to yourself I wonder what my skin cells are doing right now at this very moment this kind of pain during maybe you maybe when we get some point wonder what our cells are doing right now because if you remember is part of the cell theory you are made of cells all living things are made of one or more cells many multicellular organisms you have cells that work together working together is part of a body tissue by the tissues working together as part of an organ organs working together as part of the organ system you are cells are specialized work in these different levels of organization skin cells stomach cells muscle cells just to name a few and their functions need to be regulated these cells actually are regulated is part of something called the cell cycle and then it's going to relate to my question of I wonder what so doing right now so some cells can grow in size but let's put it in perspective now a multicellular organism isn't growing because each individual cell is multicellular organism itself grows making more cells by the cells making more cells by dividing that sell reproductions one reason that you are bigger than you were when you were five or 5 is because you are cells divide it to make more cells my toe since the cytokinesis that follows that splits the cytoplasm allows you to make new body cells but you don't want that cell division that happening all the time why it is likely you've heard the term cancer before numbers that have battled cancer before it is definitely a relevant topic for all of us cancer isn't part do to cells that divide to frequently the cells are not regulated they are uncontrolled cancer cells problems to communicate with other healthy cells state may not be able to carry out normal cell functions they may not securely anchor themselves like other cells do which to make the more likely to travel somewhere else some cancer cells have the ability to secrete their own growth hormone that makes blood vessels divert over to those cancer cells and Supply to cancer cells with nutrients which can take nutrients away from healthy cells by cancer selfie come this way there's a lot of research in this area with some cancers there may be genetic links making some cells more susceptible to having problems deep genetic factors might run in families exposure to toxins radiation excessive today UV light all of these can be risk factors for some cells to become cancerous the uncontrolled growth that cancer cells have gives rise to more cells like them which can develop into a tumor some tumors but some do not know the good news is that scientists continue to develop better treatments which include destroying the cancer cells with radiation or medication such as chemotherapy which will target cells that divide frequently you will be part of helping to meet the challenge of trying to eliminate cancer because the fact remains that these cells are not participating in the cell cycle like they should so is the cell cycle the cell cycle is often represented is a pie chart like this those are either in one of two different phases of phase called interface where the cells themselves are there in NZ which includes and the actual splitting of the cytoplasm cytokinesis so this ends days where cells actually divide to make more cells but cells spend most of their time in interphase the most of the time they're not dividing depending on what kind of so it might do mitosis more or less often for example your hair follicle cells do mitosis quickly which is why your hair can grow at the rate that it does it's also why many cancer may also Target hair follicle cells because many Cancer drugs go after cells that do cell division frequently it's a big deal for cells to hit this end days if a cell has a error harmful mutation for example wanted to divide because then it will create another cell that has the same issue that's where checkpoints come in handy along the cell cycle there are checkpoints to check that the cell is growing well replicate its DNA correctly doing everything is to do correctly before it divides to better understand those checkpoints let's further divide the cell cycle pie chart we have G1 s G2 all three of those are present in me a phase where mitosis during G1 the sell individually itself grows that it replicates its DNA in S phase you can remember that because the S is for synthesis which means to make something and it's making DNA in G2 the cell grows in preparation for mitosis let's take a look at checkpoint we've got one here in G1 this checkpoint checks is the cell growing Wellness is its DNA damaged cuz if it is you definitely don't want it to move does the cell have the resources it needs if it were cheating on this checkpoint in G2 checks if a DNA was replicated correctly is it growing well enough does it have the resources continue this next checkpoint in 10 days is my favorite checkpoint it checks in the stage metaphase to make sure the chromosomes which are made of DNA in the middle correctly that they're all attached to the Endo correctly the chromosomes will not be separated correctly so now you may have two big questions first what happens if the cell doesn't meet the requirements of a checkpoint and second what is doing the regulating of the cycle anyway to just the first question if the reason the cell can't go past the checkpoint is a reason that it can be fixed the cellmate kind of pause here until it can fix that issue but if it can be fixed in the cell does something called a pop. which basically means the cell self-destructs this ensures that a cell is damaged Beyond repair will not go on to divide so what doing the regulating anyway we've mentioned before that proteins are a big deal using your body can code for proteins do an assortment of functions and there are many proteins involved with regulating the cell cycle some of them are positive Regulators because they allow moving forward in the negative Regulators that might make things stop the protein some cells can be sensitive to Q's inside and outside of the cell so for example two proteins are involved in positive regulations are a cyclin and cdk cdk specifically an enzyme protein fancy kind called a tiny switch is worth a Google cdk can have different forms of cyclin protein found to it different types of cycling rise and fall throughout the cell cycle and the rising and falling is based on a variety of signals to determine when the cell should move on to the next cell cycle phase typically each cell cycle phase G1 s G2 M will tend to have a different cyclin bind with a c d k the rise and fall of chicken types and the role cdk house when is active is a fascinating subject to explore proteins that are negative Regulators for example a protein Called Peace can be involved in initiating apoptosis again we encourage you to explore beyond the video one last thing to mention there are some cells that don't go through the phases be mentioned because they're actually in Jesus this is zero by the way and I don't know because it was no then it's a go and g0 is the opposite of that is a resting days now that sells here are still performing cell functions are not preparing to divide you're temporarily maybe if there's not enough resources around for example but like many types of neurons in your brain and spinal cord may stay here permanently don't forget to empty so they will not divide this can be one reason why a major injury to the brain or spinal cord can have challenges with healing as many of those cells may not be able to replicate a topic that definitely continues to be researched well that's if pictures of curious

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AMS The Cell cycle and Cancer

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