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what kind of a chapter 48 video lecture flow in ecosystem we will discuss how energy flows one way and how nutrients cycle through ecosystems different organisms obtain energy in different ways autotrophs are self feeders autoimmune from your Latin vocabulary quiz and trolls means to seed or grow so self-feeding they produce their own food which is why they are also called these are plants or some photosynthetic or Kimmy synthetic bacteria  looking an intimate knowledge of the process by which they may a food that photo sent us up when we get to chapter 7 heterotrophs other feeders hetero means different or other which means they Taylor energy by consuming other organisms which is why they are also called consumer there are several different types of heterotrophs herbivore consume only plants carnivores consume only animals omnivores consume both plants and animals scavengers consume only dead things decomposers break down organic material from dead organisms which is known as detritus this video clip what means fun might help you remember what role scavengers play in an ecosystem what we going to do  I know what you want to do the jungle what do you mean you wish I was very funny so hopefully you got the joke if you didn't ask someone to explain it to you 2 Chainz show us a simple model of energy flow through these organisms notice the descriptions in the middle turns describing the trophic levels or feeding steps of energy flow there are primary producers primary consumers secondary tertiary consumers coronary consumers notice there aren't secondary producers so you don't always have to use the word primary with them put just a producers however there are different levels of consumers you have your herbivores or carnivores your higher-level car or is or omnivore  these levels could also be called autotrophs first order heterotroph second order heterotroph third order heterotroph Etc  what type of organism is missing from the food chain  the decomposer hopefully you got that but remember this is a simple chain but only shows no more than 5 links what do the arrows represent  they don't show what eats what is it go from the Eaton to the eater instead they show the flow of energy  plant provides its energy to the herbivore The herbal bar provides its energy to the carnivore now there are a couple more things to understand about the simple food chains before we look at a more complex food web first off how much energy is available from one trophic level to the next and the laws of thermodynamics what is the difference between energy and nutrients flow in this diagram notice of nutrients can cycle back to where they came from but energy never returns to an organism from where it came. isn't that usually dead usually it says you need to really the first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be did or destroyed it can only change forms while the second law states that his paraphrase the little that is energy changes form going from order to disorder some energy is lost in the form of heat it's no longer usable by living organisms so if these two laws are true and we understand that they are add all the energy in the living organism is never available to the next trophic level and fact find a study determined that each successive trophic level only attains about 10 of the energy in a living organism well where does the 90% go the energy from the plants consumed by the herbivore where does let go if it's not available to carnivore well the organism itself uses that energy cellular respiration growth and reproduction even death Christian and defecation everything requires energy in the body so most of that energy is used by that living organism and as an energy is used some of it will always to heat or other things so only 10% of the energy consumed by an organism is available for the next level 10% rule if it's not it was traded in the stop motion video created and produced by past AP students the biggest man in the world now Unit 10 thermodynamics and the 10% rule let's take another quick look at that simple food chain compare the quarter consumer with the producers by comparing these two trophic level organism another concept becomes clear ecological pyramids there are biomass pyramids of population number and pyramids of energy and these illustrate the idea that producers support the upper trophic level even though the individual consumer is a larger than an individual producer noticed that top carnivore is very big and the seaweed is very tiny so the individual organism is bigger and biomass than the producer the number of top-level carnivores are smaller than the producers so the biomass of the total top-level carnivores is smaller than the biomass of The Producers biomass to find that case you don't know one of living material in an organism the top order consumers also get less energy from the lower levels so they have to consume more to obtain the same amount of energy needed to keep them alive as lower level organisms so it makes sense that there has to be tons of plants in order to support a few or browse top-level carnivores  that would examine the simple food chain look at a couple of food webs and what's the first thing you noticed we're definitely more than five links in this picture of food web takes all the possible food chains in an ecosystem and put them into one diagram all the organisms are song with all the feeding relationships the organized so you can distinguish the trophic levels producers primary consumers secondary consumers tertiary consumers or audit ropes first order heterotroph second order heterotroph third order heterotroph listen to the similar organizations although it is divided vertically moving across the page instead of horizontally moving up to page picture of play Joe more holistic view of the ecosystem with the The Producers all over the place there is one more thing added in this food web that was missing on the chain and the previous food web the detrital food web along the bottom includes the decomposers your fungi and bacteria and your earthworms decomposers can obtain nutrients from any once living material they are not usually considered part of its trophic level but are more off to the side  you should be able to identify the number of trophic levels represented in a food chain or web what organisms are autotrophs primary consumers secondary consumers and the diet that the different organisms shown in the food web so you do need to be able to read and analyze food webs no we've examined energy flow we are going to look at on nutrients cycle through an ecosystem let's identify the major part atmosphere air hydrosphere is the water lithosphere is the Earth the biosphere encompasses all is it describes wherever there is life Bio Life we're going to look at five different Cycles although one the water cycle should be very similar to you and we'll look at carbon oxygen nitrogen phosphorus and sulfur  first book to find two areas the reservoir and the exchange pool the reservoir is usually unavailable to living organism because it's where the nutrients is found in onion form fossil fuels minerals and sediments we don't eat those animals don't eat those so it's unusable in the reservoir set the time change pool is where living organisms can obtain the nutrients from the air to soil or the water are three spheres Metro litho and atmosphere  so what start with the easiest cycle as you probably learned it in fourth grade the water cycle the width of the arrows in the picture represent the amount of water that moves through that step over a specific. Of time known as the transfer rate the water is moved let's start in the hydrosphere exchange pool that would be the ocean through evaporation water move into the water can also evaporate directly from plants and that process is known as transpiration you'll learn more about that during Omar osmosis questions and during our plant unit gas is water in the atmosphere condenses clouds full back to the Earth as per water can travel through the lithosphere to aquifers are groundwater pretty simple right because you're also be familiar with how humans impact the cycle obviously we reduce the amount of usable water through pollution and aquifers can be depleted faster than they are replenished to the process of groundwater mining once again we have a video from previous students to put the cycle in motion for you going on to the carbon cycle the major exchange pool of carbon in the atmosphere where is found of carbon dioxide plants take in CO2 photosynthesis and all living things animals and plants give off CO2 as a waste product of cellular respiration is notice the amount CO2 taken in by photosynthesis equals the amount of CO2 released back into the atmosphere from respiration and decay of dead organisms that's an equal Exchange  what aquatic organisms respire the CO2 dissolve in water as bicarbonate ions for used by aquatic plants Where Can the fuse back into the air at the O2  need to know that it's dissolved in water is bicarbonate you also can notice that the change of CO2 into the water in the exchange of CO2 out of the water is about equal as well there are three large reservoirs for they're living or dead organisms fossil fuels and soil since the exchange rates of carbon dioxide is about equal how much talk about carbon dioxide in the atmosphere what's the problem well humans are adding more carbon into the atmosphere than the natural please allow we burn fossil fuels and Destroy Forest  we release greenhouse gases including nitrous oxide and nothing which contribute to the affect and if you don't know what that is you need to be sure to read up about it and your textbook it's page 891 in the 9th Edition close that probably in the 8th Edition moving on to the nitrogen cycle about 78% of the atmosphere is nitrogen and that's a lot however it can't move into the biotic part of the ecosystem without a Little Help from bacteria bacteria in the soil and water can convert atmospheric nitrogen to a mall which is usable by plants converting into to nh4 is known as process of nitrogen fixation you need to know that they can also convert ammonia into nitrates another usable form through the process of nitrification so H4 into no.2 or no.3 is nitrification you do need to keep those two different prophecies can you bring nitrogen fixation and nitrification  bacteria also replenish the atmospheric nitrogen to the process of denitrification which converts the nitrate back into nitrogen gas so in 02 or in 03 back into N2 is denied ication three processes you need to understand bacteria do and what they are  so if the bacteria fixes the nitrogen into a well it's in the soil puts taken up by the plants through the roots and it's passed through the biotic factors the other food web with nitrogen is that humans cause acid rain through the use of fertilizers and the burning of fossil fuels which release nitrous oxide and sulfur dioxide the atmosphere and fall back to the Earth as acid rain  this pollution we create forms photochemical smog which is a mix of ozone peroxyacetic nitrate notice nitrate means is nitrogen there and these small can be very damaging to living organisms usually this pollution is into the atmosphere but during a thermal inversion as shown in this figure there's a warm stagnant layer of air that traps at New York City's causing problems the prosperous never enters the atmosphere during his movement in an ecosystem so it's called a sedimentary cycle only in the Earth unique there was a long-term cycle of phosphorus from the lithosphere the Earth to the hydrosphere it runs off into the water and back in Alyssa's here as Earth is formed into rock in the short-term cycle phosphorus is taken up by plants from the soil through the roots move through the food chain as or eat and back into the soil as organisms decay  I got a problem humans increase phosphorus used in fertilizers and detergents so we pollute the water supply with phosphorus and nitrogen this pollution can over and Rich lakes and streams and this is called eutrophication extra seating  these extra nutrients cause algae to grow quickly shown by Green scum on the water surface and then when the algae decomposers work hard and use up all the oxygen switch kills off the fifth so in a roundabout way you took occasion Kilts 5th and it that by creating a lot of algae and then allowing the decomposers to Decay that out that uses up the oxygen which killed up defect finally the sulfur cycle I know that doesn't in the Mater textbook but you should be familiar with it as well the law Reservoir sulfur is the hydrosphere the water where it's found as sulfur dioxide sulfates are found in the atmosphere as well which false air plant take up the sulfate which move through the food chain and return to the Earth through decomposition  sulfates in the earth can be mineral and hydrogen sulfide into rock humans once again release more sulfur into the air through the burning of fossil fuels and the use of what detergent do you notice a pattern here does excess sulfur can increase acid rain it's one of those acid sulfur dioxide and succession nitrogen cycle  finally you should know about primary productivity gross primary productivity and net primary productivity there's a special find focus on page 884 of the 9th Edition that discusses these terms and I believed I scanned it in New York summer assignment will talk more about these when we get to the section in class but you do need to read through that and make sure you know the difference between gross and net primary productivity  congratulations you reached the end of chapter 48 video lecture next one

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