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Cell Structure and Function

Added Nov 14, 2014 •

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types of Anderson and in this podcast I'm going to take you on a tour of the cell or going to the different types of structures inside a cell since their functions first thing they're over there we need to talk about his white cells are small reason cells are small which move into a cell through process called diffusion to oxygen gets in that way I'm coming outside is going to move out in the same way and so it would take a long time for material to diffuse in what we can do if you can actually make that volume the same but we can increase the surface area and now the distance that material has to move is actually real and I you also my computer will Wyatt infinitely small window inside the information inside the cell like the DNA in the Machinery of a cell has to be able to fit inside the cell and so there's like a perfect sweet spot inside for all the we have nothing to talk about it's something not boring and it when I grew up I had to say idea that a cell was like a bag of jelly and you had stuff like a nucleus and siding simply float around noon probably perpetuated by biology teacher that was in a signing like an edible cell assignments in actually look inside of felt incredibly complex have the cytoskeleton made up of a number of different macromolecules is like a lattice inside the cell and all organelles fit within that lattice and it works almost like a model Rail and materials move around on this monorail using motor proteins and I'm not joking they literally playground on the on the monorail and so they're incredibly complex fell. But they understood and they were totally invisible to scientist Intel the microscope was you couldn't see it if you look at your hand you can't see the South and I'm trying to contain either so they didn't know what was going on until they covered any event it's a microscope comes into different types you basically of optical microscope and an electron microscope Optical Optical just got a fuse light and lenses to magnify the image if you've ever use binoculars and then you turn it upside down till the close to your hand you actually have a real simple my so that's the way that they work it's an electron microscope with her using is the number of magnets and those magnets will you use to focus electrons either through anime bouncing it off a minute so we got transmission and scanning electron microscope how does this work well a quick demo would be don't take a big magnet and hold it really close to the Knoll television and radio computer Street don't do this if you were to do it it would permanently ruin your monitor or your computer screen but basically what it's doing the magnet is changing the path of the electron and by doing that we can actually increase the magnification on the settlement for some pictures that would take The Saboteur meeting with an optical electron Optical microscope one that you have in a typical biology classroom these undertaken by transition transmission electron microscope be the low viruses or this to be an aunt that you're looking at now these two are dead because the material in order to look at it process is actually going to destroy it in the package here yet for the thin layer of metal on it that we can Bounce It Off on it on a scanning electron microscope for the future is electron also would have called fluorescent Optical microscopes through it coming up to see beautiful fluorescent dyes you saw one on the first page in the Todd cats and that we can stay material that can sale Eden's I once named this last summer that was alive dead thing until you would stain it and it would show you all the cells that were alive at that point in dead at that point really cool we're getting some visualize visualization of the salesperson you should know there are two major types of cells we have already called prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell prokaryotic cell lack a nucleus there before the egg if you break down at work there's going to be no nucleus eukaryotic cells are going to have a nucleus what type of things are prokaryotic really only two Syria are going to be prokaryotic and then the archaea bacteria and try to spell that correctly are going to be prokaryotic eukaryotic are going to be things that you microscopic things like plants animals fungi protists things like that that are really really large in the scale is because of her descale it right the Protist versus in the bacteria do not the sizes of mitochondria so they are really really small but there's some similarities between the two all cells are going to have nucleic material so they're going to have DNA all cells are going to have a cell membrane around the outside some form of cytosol on the inside and they're also going differ but all cells are going to have those things removed a eukaryotic cell and go back again then we're going to have organelle we're going to organs within the cell that you're familiar with like a mitochondria of the example of prokaryotic cells are simple talk more talk about bacteria but most of the time in the sarcasm going to talk about eukaryotic cell you could be an animal cell I could tell right away it's a look at it look through an animal cell so basically the major organelles that are found within a cell from the nucleus all the way down to the centriole until what I'm going to do is go through it show you where they are talk about what they do want to review again and go through all of them and see how much of the information that you actually picked up let's start with number one and that's the nucleolus nucleolus is going to be found with in the nucleus need to be confused on how this actually work what they do is all the chromosomes that are within the nucleus but they do is they put all of their genes to make ribosomes in one area within the nucleus and that as a result can save a lot of proteins inside here it's going to be a little darker when it gets stain an area where the chromosomes are all producing ribosomal RNA to make the right of them can be right there to step process so basically what happens is in the dairy they're going to produce ribosomal RNA role accurate actually build some of the proteins using ribosomes outside of the cytoplasm and the proteins are moved back where we the building blocks of proteins which I kinda being up so I talked about a lot of different things but what did I mean to talk about it all the nucleolus is an area where the atoms are assembled inside the nucleus to go to the next one next one's going to be the nucleus that's one of the first organelles that was ever discovered this is beautiful swept and die on the nuclei so what's the function of the nucleus well when I grew up I always heard is like the brain of the cell that's really over over simplifying what's inside year basically we've got DNA for the genetic material of the cell is going to be found inside the nucleus and that's going to determine in a what kind of a cell is going to become but control to sell in other words we're going to make proteins or going to make enzymes at a certain time and as a result of that sell him do something so if he still want to think that is to control center oh yeah that's okay but a better way to think about it just where the genetic material and it's also going to have a little more than the outside it'll become important when they start what about transcription and translation for there going to be a little hold on it and that's how materials can move out and material can move in to the Little Ole Mexican why does own random generally Growing Up by represent of those of whom. Inside the cell it's a little more complexion that's how the two parts of it you're going to have a small subunit on the bottom a large subunit on the top in the messenger RNA is going to move through that and then on the top we're going to bring in the transfer RNA and rectally going to build are protein off of it function of the ribosome is going to be how to build proteins and prokaryotic and eukaryotic have different writers on that's how some of our antibiotics actually work that's it was I turned back to go basically means a membrane-bound container and the really really small and sometimes are really really big for vacuole the weapon Optical material around the transport vessel would move material ramp to the level of rough ER plasmic reticulum is actually end a membrane that is continuous with the nuclear from that we got the folded membrane that comes out from the nucleus you then have a ride that are sitting on the outside of it that's why I called rough ER I like to think of this as the factory inside of a cell so basically what you're going to have is this membrane so got a member like this when you can I have a ride them to sit on the top of it so basically what you can do is as the messenger RNA comes through we can make the proteins that we want to make the factory is going to be where we make the materials it also produced the membranes that are going to be used within the cell next to the level of the Golgi body I think it looks kind of like a pita bread and folded on top of itself appear to say where are these proteins going there going to be created in the end of presents reticulum November it's been a little transport vesicle and moves to the Golgi apparatus that the Golgi apparatus were going to modify that we're going to add things like carbohydrates to those proteins are going to have them up and I'm going to send them on their way another way to think about that is it's like a UPS in other words it is a shipping part of the cell things come into the transport vesicle go out of the transport vesicle in they're going to go where they need to go within the cell next we got the cytoskeleton cytoskeleton is the structure inside the salad actually when did that physical structure of the newest Excel were to move around that's going to have to be like an amoeba that's going to do to it with a cytoskeleton as well this is to analogy so kind of like a bridge to sew on a bridge you're going to have to things it going to be supporting the bridge but then you're going to have these really thin wire set a time for like on the Golden Gate Bridge and some basically inside a cell we have those two things we have been big things those are called microtubules and their mate setting called tubulin and those are called microphone and what what the what the big thing the microtubules do provide compressional support just like a weight of the bridge is supported by then and then the thin myofilaments are going to provide tensional reports and so if you think I shall like the Golden Gate Bridge that can inverted inside it that's a good way to think about a weather status in there next we get to the smooth ER what's a producer you can produce a lot of a lipid cholesterol things like that in the cell it also detoxification to breaking down toxins because he ran hopefully not but if you're an alcoholic basically the more you drink the more your body is in a buildup smooth ER until inside itself you have to drink more and more in text we got the mitochondria mitochondria you know is the area where we're going to generate energy what's really generating SMB ATP in the form of ATP the basically is a folded membrane inside a membrane it looks a lot like a bacteria and that's because scientists think that they became part of ourselves through symbiotic theory in other words they became parts of the cell they produce ATP for that cell and then they get a place to live what's an evidence for that well they have their own DN reproduce on their own through binary fission and so it's pretty much accepted as biological now we have the vacuole vacuole can be something that we find inside plant not in Animal Jam large vacuole in the plant cell hear what it's doing is it is done throwing water so it's yours that balance and pressure that turgor pressure that keeps yourself properly inflated some protists will actually have a contractile vacuole that can pump water out when they're living in the freshwater environment as well we've got back you were really General animals in their used for Lando and exocytosis so I can clean solute inside it will you think that was about it but will work fine as their concentration gradient within the cell until you decide to follow his health is pretty conflex to go to the the lysosome the lysosome is going to be sometimes it's been coined as like the suicide Sac what does it really have inside it it has these digestive enzymes inside and it contained within this membrane and so basically what we can do is we could have that go next to another vesicle that have material that we want to break down and those incident Bible go in there and it'll break it down as if we were to pop this lysosome basically what happens in the digestive organ they just adem best route to felony kill two cells is all this out and so the process of apoptosis worth cell kills itself is a product of light is on and we have the same centrioles part of what's all the centrosome basically it's important and positioning within the cell so depends upon where the centriole is is also going to set up can you please going to be where the other parts of the cell going to be so important to the cell divides it's going to be as it migrates either side is going to initiate that for me I'm looking to be attached to the chromosomes and you going to tell it to either side so we have those but if you're looking to hire plants as they don't have centrioles role is somewhat undefined say the same thing for all of these that we really have an idea of what they do but they probably do lots of other things that will really not to so this is where the podcast to come Siri I'm going to make all those turns disappear and basically if you hit pause could you go through at the begin unless you know what is number one what is the number to you what a number 3 what is number for how what is number one do and if you can't do that you really don't been working with kids in class what I found that when you're trying to learn the parts of the cell sometimes it's easier to fill some flashcards and go through the flash card because if you did it right now them you don't got it and so that's a tour of the cell and I hope it was fun and I hope

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Cell Structure and Function

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