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Added Mar 28, 2014 •

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hi mr. Anderson welcome to biology Essentials video 46 this is on Community podcast and the next podcast both deal with ecology ecology is a fairly recent science we break down the word Eco comes from the Greek word Oikos which means house and took the study of our house is the study of Life on our planet and how they interact Recology there a few turns that you want to kind of understand and so the way I remember those is the backhoe so I said on the be so the back I was going to tell you all the level 3 study with an ecology so we started the beginning with that be biosphere but I like to start down here at the bottom and so I'm back home we start it oh or the Adam level we just finish remember talking about organ system and so cells make tissue tissues make organs organs make organ systems in organ systems make support an organism would be one individual like it's bull elk here in Montana we have a group of alka living together that's now a population or all the yelling Ellison Park of the Apocalypse if we have not only to else but the wolves in the Willow in the Aston and all of that together and I worth 11th Community or populations in if we add the abiotic factors of the nonliving factors now at the level of an ecosystem service Abbey a picture of the greater Yellowstone ecosystem it's not going to Samson the elk in the world and the Bison that isn't going to include the temperature in the pH of the water and and the amount of moisture that they I'm glad to eat at the sun if you look brighter than that the next one would be buying by owner going to be areas that have similar climate so that's going to be similar water and temperature over a period of time we've got a number of biomes on our planet so I'm right here in the Northwestern coniferous not quite and can it doesn't write their other we're going to have desert we're going to have rainforests we're going to have that Tyga are we going to have a polar area so these are all biomes larger area for they have similar climates then finally we have the biosphere and that's where ever light is on our planet which is pretty much anywhere there's water on our planet you're going to find life there since I put that so shows up levels all the way from biosphere down to organisms but we're dealing with community in this vodka talking about how populations interact and how populations change over and out basically communities have structure based on what species are found there and What's the total diversity of sea Vermont karaoke and one of the intimate interactions and something called symbiosis example all talk about is the leaf cutter home communities are made up of populations and populations change over time one of the ways they change over time as they grow all populations will undergo they start to take off but if they hit some limiting factors some of those are based on their density and some are not and those are called density dependent and independent limiting actors in so even though all like certain exponential growth it'll eventually reach pologistics or the bounce up and down for a long period of time population growth in humans the study of that is called demographics until End by talking about what we can learn by studying human population growth on our planet. Community self remember Community going to be made up of various population into the first thing to look at is that picture I took to your just about a month ago before the snow Alyssa be up at hyalite Reservoir and so if you look here we mostly have pine trees you can see but if I were to count all of the different pine trees that we have Lodgepole Pine we got an engelmann Spruce there whatever I to go through and in a large area count all the different types that we have and how many RV in proposing a pie chart that beat species composition another thing in the community than is the total diversity not only you know what's the largest amount of that we have What's the total amount that you have but it could be all the fungi they were able to collect in an area and so that shows the species diversity or biodiversity in an area how to pose the following questions you know on our planet that this is our planet right here in the equator is here where we going to have the greatest DC's diversity on our planet we're right here on the equator going to be the most amount of light but we actually fine if we were to Graphics if we're to go from the equator and we were to go the pole we're going to look at just diversity we find it at the Equator stagnant does not a lot of movement of the weather in summer going to have a low species diversity actually speak out where we have those rainforest and then it'll eventually drop off obviously into the pool so there's going to be less DC's diversity there what's there and how much total is there none of the interactions between the populations there and they called that symbiosis symbiosis scientist day living together and so they kind of break it into three different ways that you can live with other organ organisms you can live mutualistically where you both help you can repair play where you're damaging one where you can leave commensalism and so basically that's somewhere in between where you're not harming them I kind of think you're either helping or or harming look at these relationships a really cool I'm sure you seen the video that carry it back underground into their mouth basically what they do is they feed it to a fungus for there's a fungus within that leafcutter ant colony this is the antigen giant compared to the other aunts but basically what they're doing is they're chewing up the lease and they're feeding it to the fungus the fungus breaks inside there and produces this sugar that the plant that the that the ants can then so that's a symbiotic relationship now between and and the fungus gets a constant supply of food a place to live and then the it's going to provide food for those pants and when they for can you call any tow carry the fungus listening so they really farming that fungus don't even goes deeper than that so when scientists were looking at this Farm into the fun to pick on the dose I never infected so there's never an infection in their forearm like we have in our farm and what they found at the end to sell theirs actually Syria living on Ant especially high in the ants that are working in this farm and so those are similar to some of the fungi in some of the bacteria that we use to make our our kind of cylinder to make are on antibiotics because using from now we've got a mutualistic between the bacteria that the living on the Ant and the Ant itself and so it's evolving it also has the symbiosis of the fungus just keep going going going going and by oceans of these interactions between populations but obviously if I'm a tree living right now maybe it's bad for me at the tree so let's go to grow sensor within a community we have populations and populations going to change over time as they start to grow all populations will undergo exponential growth in other words even though elephants might have a gestation of 2 years if you have elephants in an area that one elephant is quickly going to become two elephants which is quickly going to become for and then you get this pad character exponential growth pattern mathematical model of exponential growth human growth and human 10000 BC until the year 2000 where the population hit 6 billion you know we're going right at about 7 billion right now and so if you look at should be exponential growth in other words it's just taking off on especially since the Industrial Revolution but you can imagine that it can that forever so our population is eventually going to hit some limiting factors we're going to run out of food we're going to run out of face disease going to take over so we call these name limiting factors and they come in two different type density dependent density dependent or based on the size population for an example would be you know a lack of food would be a density dependent limiting factor Fresno food there's no space if we have disease take over because we're living in close proximity to each other and those are all density dependent limiting factor that's going to limit the growth independent are going to be those that aren't related to population size so what are they related to their related to and sew a giant volcanic the chance is still going to limit growth but it would be density independent or a tsunami killing you know cows and thousands of people would be an exam are the density independent limiting factor in both of these are going to act on that exponential growth and they're eventually going to level it off until eventually all Elations will undergo was called logistic growth and and it'll approach something that we call up here a carrying capacity another word than it's the area in an area give me it's the maximum number of individuals that an area can support and so our planet has a care so population human population growth won't go on forever cuz we're eventually going to run out of supplies food face would be one example and so logistic growth is that leveling off and there are some populations that will quickly go exponential and then the dry off and then they'll go exponential again for like a boom-and-bust cycle but it generally if your human if you're like humans where you takes a long time to reap when you don't have a lot of Offspring eventually approach was called logistic growth and so this is from the UN projections so this is right here we're in 20 our population is right around 7 billion on the planet and so this is what the urine predicted this should be the high end for this would be the maximum population did get to buy the year 2100 this Abita low in but the meeting about the chart if they break it down by different continent so he would be an Asia or the Africa to be the high and low in so they got a high-end in Asia I've seen by the year 2100 which I probably won't be around him then but they're saying that and you can have in Asia you could have almost eight billion people living there until what the world population going to do it's eventually going to approach what's called logistic growth the way you are in the United States if we didn't count immigration we would actually be at logistic growth we're actually leveling off in the US right now that grass doesn't tell us everything if you really want to know the answer you have to look at what's called an age structure diagram an age structure diagram and I lay this out for you we have our guys on one side girls on the other so this is an Angola will compare that to you at I'm just a second and said this is the number of individuals in this study who are from where to find the number who are from 5 to 9 until we see some structure we sometimes call it a population pyramid cuz you get this pyramid shape and said temperature in it shaped like this where we have no most of our population is really really young this is the population that's going to go exponential so it's going to take give me at all of these young kids they're going to produce young kids and so it's going to be exponential growth if you look at the United States not going to look like that if you look at the United States looks quite a bit different and so we have a lot of people that are older but we also have that bubble right here in it'll be the Baby Boomers if you know anything about the history in the United States and then it's kind of dropped off your at the bottom and so are the drops off at the bottom that mean since it's not going to cry this is a population that's going to go Logistics us approaching Logistics and sometimes you'll see age structure diagrams that are actually they go in quite a mom I know they're going to be one but not only if they leveled off at some kind of a carrying capacity but they're actually dropping off Italy's an example of a country I know that's dropped off quite a bit look at China for example where we seen a huge amount of growth there's an interesting things here this would be the typical population pyramid they were undergoing exponential growth but then they realize that they have this one child policy and so there was the secret and so they're going to level off India is actually going to take off and be the most populous country on our plans or humans going to hit all these density dependent limiting factors probably not variable to figure out a new way to get resources on new ways to get energy but eventually I'm not pessimistic I think humans were eventually going to kind of reach a legit turn about a pattern and we're going to stabilize had in them 10 billion something like that that's my guess but again I'm not going to be around so it's no big deal so that's community interactions and I

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