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The Eyes of Nye Cloning

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these are clones a clone is a living thing genetically identical to another living thing you and I are one of a kind but what if you were not what if we can make a duplicate of eugenically exact should wait people fear genetically-engineered clones what an Astilbe individual  it may be possible to use the same techniques that we use to clone person to instead rebuild a repair organs or even cure genetic diseases  the things were talking about microscopic but the possibilities are far-reaching should we pursue clothing we're going to look at the science and then we can each decide for ourselves these are clones each of these grapevines is just like all the other ones they were all grown from cuttings the same plant clone comes from the Greek word for twig she clothes are not that unusual their offspring produced without sex  these two twins are genetically identical and asexually reproduce they both came from a single parent they both have the same DNA individuals were created there was no help from flowers or the birds and the bees know pollen was exchanged there was no sex I'm pregnant  going to be a you're not the father  police game I am the father but you are the mother and the father fine I have discovered the beauty of asexual reproduction you idiot go myself all of me and none of you in this baby you not necessarily she would look like me but she might not be like me in that case  Turner to call 18 years you make me sick the humans now we can't reproduce asexually just calling ourselves like grapevines oh no we have to have sex and forgot that's not a problem that couple has started on the process of sexual reproduction where half genetic information comes from the woman and half comes from the man but we're talking about cloning asexual reproduction where all of the DNA comes from all the cells in your body that are not sperms or eggs are called somatic cells and almost every somatic cell carries a complete copy of an org systems DNA  an animal like Dolly the sheep scientist start with an egg then using the tiniest of glass pipettes play all the nucleus of that point out and then they get the DNA from another somatic cell or they take a wholesale DNA in all and poke it back into that at this is called somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning then scientists give this egg and Tiny Joe electricity or just the right chemical mix to get it to start growing to start dividing then they put it back into the womb of a sheep and if nothing goes long in a few months you going to laugh  Dolly the sheep was born in the 277th try that's after 276 failures cloning is a tricky business and if we have this much trouble with farm animals are we really ready to try it with humans now it's time for opinions now with your host risk David what would human clones Biola just ducked Robbie what do you think it's very difficult to say  as a scientist I don't really guess about who booked this guy genetics expert dr. Sandra Davis what would human clones be like over not really sure doctor if you'd like me to wildly now I won't speculate wildly but a reason hypothesis we could all end up with that law certain spark that makes us individuals I'm Troopers engineered to be make soldiers as part of the government's plan to make us all prisoners to its will excuse me I didn't get to make my comment and nobody cares biologist boy scientist I thought you won my expert opinion  I'm out of here proteins in Sea squirts in human embryos are the same protein that are causing embryonic development each other the same genes as people but it's the way that genes are turned on and off that decides what it's going to finally look like study how genes are turned on and off during development so most of your cells right now the DNA's off which means it's not making protein they might have been used before Jamaican air but now that you have an ear those cells are only used for specific functions but when you're being born when you're single single cell so that first single cell have to somehow turn on and off all the genes necessary to make that adult organism know how does that happen the egg actually what's proteins in the cytoplasm that tells the nucleus where certain things are supposed to be made so those transcription factors protein since yes transcription factors will go into the nucleus at certain times and then turn certain genes on and off and each animal has the same set of genes trying things on and off but it's when you turn different genes on and off that makes different adults what you do and cloning issue take this nucleus out of there and you put in a new from an adult and if that's the difficult part is getting that nucleus from an adult to go through this whole process and making an embryo reason reproductive cloning doesn't work very well because you have to take the old nucleus and I have to make it think that it's a young nucleus have to make it think it's a nucleus that's in an egg this is a difficult process and is new are old nuclei and nucleus in your face skin might have live so far for a number of years maybe 40 some years and so you have to take that old nucleus I try to make it young again and then we're not sure how to do that that's one of the most difficult things about reproductive cloning they're very low success rate maybe one to 2% if you try to clone South is that why dolly was such a big deal because she also died as a regular Lance I told her there's some idea that the nucleus was too old and that's why she died a premature a just because even though the nucleus was tricked into thinking young again it really wasn't that young again as though she died reproductive cloning a human being is a bad idea a few clones and survive could have severe health problems terrible mrs. Sanders wouldn't you like to be called text My Little Pony joke good one no, what I'm saying is that cloning for reproduction is fraught with peril children let's focus on Coney and not me okay maybe we should another segment of the eyes of Nye Science Program are you saying that just got something in my eye so what's the controversy then about reproductive fun rate that there will be some sort of black market for human egg that young girls who otherwise might not give their eggs away will be induced to do that for money so the source where's the source of Ages one problem in the second one I think if the embryos themselves when you understand human development you'll understand that you can not make a baby from those areas unless they're implanted into her uterus so as long as the embryo is cap and called her and Cat outside of the mother will not make another human being is there a place to draw the line repeating and not for Reproductive cloning when it comes to the technology of cloning the train is pretty much left the station once we perform somatic cell nuclear transfer we get an embryo and a fetus and embryo cells that are dividing now there's two choices as to how can use that embryo we can go this way  reproductive Florida make a new shower sheet or theoretically even a person but we you have to do an implant the embryo into a wool just let it grow we can instead go this way and this is when do cells grow and divide is what we call stem cells stem cells can become any type of cell here's the thing Center for Reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning is exactly the same up to this point up to his point this fork in the road if we go this way we would get new people if we go this way we would get new cell which way do you want to go Colonia so risky and dangerous why bother well-built if we were to perform a somatic cell nuclear transfer Infuse it so that it started to grow we get an embryo we don't get a person you know an embryo a ball of cells that's growing and dividing so we couldn't be talking like this no no this is an old TV trick and 5 days along and embryo has about 200 cells and their undifferentiated undifferentiated yes started to become all the different cells of your body like your skin cells your bone cells and your brain cells their stem cells and they have astonishing promise but if you had to choose between say me and bunch of stem cells which one would you pick okay well here's the fun stuff these are colonies of stem cells right these are human embryonic stem cells each one of these colonies derived from one single cell that's right that has divided into weiden divided in divided eventually forming now few thousand cells in a free-floating cluster so that we have millions and millions of cells all exactly the same and then the next step is to change them first into brain and then to into a subtype of brain that we'd like for repair so this is the center one of those large clusters that is now stuck down and as we move away he can see very small little cells that all look the same then as we move further away I start to see them differentiate into these long mature cells with long processes so what do we do with these two spin them down so they concentrate them squirt them into a spa cord injury in a rat here is an animal that receive an injury with no transplant so this animal has not been transplant and you can see that he's not standing and just surgeons drags his hind limbs around without any coordinated Locomotion front to back very little it's not a complete injury this models humans that are the most common type of them little sustained why like a car accident diving accident sporting scholar contusion injury so that's what we're trying to treat it's a pretty severe injury so you inject with the Schumann play on extensive brain committed into a subtype of brain that we notice a poor repair show you what that looks like this is a nice shock here cuz we can see that the legs are moving in a coordinated fashion side to side so he can it's not only a matter of controlling one side of his body actually control both and Tails up so he's got full control of his back muscles one thing you can't see in this video is that these animals regained control of bladder and bowel function earlier than animals that's the number one concern of people in wheelchairs but if we take an animal with a similar injury Call Me 2 weeks after transplants you can see he's supporting his weight and standing and you can see he actually take some steps so what's happening inside the rats while what's happening is that the the cells that we put in our integrating into the spinal cord spinal cord itself is growing through the injury in transplant site up above the injury site so it's anatomical evidence for repair the stroke about 10 weeks so this works beneficial alarm future would you say you're in favor of therapeutic cloning absolutely I think therapeutic cloning could be too brain trauma and disease treatment what the jet engine was to the airline industry good evening my guess is Congressman Peter Newton Congressman what do you think about the controversial procedure of using embryonic stem cells in research said the money time was that we really need to study the subject more and not rush into a decision but many people say that a tiny embryo even one listing of just a few undifferentiated cells should be given full human dignity and worth absolutely dumb we need to stop this stem-cell madness know however some studies show that up to half of all people could benefit from stem cell research is that the half the votes because if so I say let's stop this foolishness and fully fund This research right now  I think pudding tastes good you know I have always supported pudding even when it was politically unpopular to do so I get up is it okay to take a woman's egg and music to grow stem cells is that okay  no not to me I don't think so I think I think every tell me a fable 2 live at that stage of its development it doesn't really have meat it's just kind of like it any other cell when it has the potential to grow into a human but it's not necessarily I would say yes it certainly is okay because after all I mean if he doesn't give up the egg and if it's not fertilized she's going to expel an anyhow she passes the year you know it's it's next and I you know you got a lot of them I should I can start one here are the United States the debate about embryonic stem cell research rages on it is a debate about wife on one side shouldn't we use this technology that could improve the lives of millions of people who are already here people have been struck with disease or injury on the other side the question is when does Life Begin some believe Life Begins the moment the first cell Divine so hit the Patriot holds living cells is it morally acceptable to redirect those cells and transform them into something they wouldn't otherwise become  then their concerns about the industrialization of Life shouldn't human embryos be declared inventions that you could pack that's what we have to figure out but how do we thoughtful discussion and stem-cell research can we find a way to make our trains meet  bio ethicist overall ethics experts because we all have to make decisions about what's right and wrong and if it's not fair to ask me or any one person what's the right place to draw the line it's a question that we all have to answer collectively socially because it's an you have social policy we have to decide at what point do we think is acceptable to use him human embryos and potentially past human embryos and and we have to answer is an embryo human embryo in terms of its moral status more like the sales you can scrape out of your cheap or more like the person who sitting before you today you were high and I think it's in in a question is I think not whether there's some well status of human embryos because I think most people think there is some will status but it's not full human being personhood best kind of snot in your tissue within between those two in the question is what's the moral benefit we can get from doing is really a balancing there's a concrete reason that it's it worth doing research on human embryos that causes their destruction There's real cost at doing this research but the benefit is great enough to outweigh those costs what do you think would be the Tipping Point for therapeutic cloning mortal rethinking the first kind of therapeutic benefit will be not for building Newhart's that's too complicated it will be for taking cells and turning them in ways that will treat disease like diabetes I think will be the likely first case how many tens of millions of people in the in the US who have diabetes of some form or another from kids new Elder adults can we have a huge impact on people's lives and health as a then you say wow there's a there's a real benefit to a to a lot of people not just a if a lot of people how can we hold them hostage hold their welfare hold their help hostage because we think that these tiny cluster cells have somehow more moral status than that's the argument if we're going to pass laws to regulate clone right now if I understand it it's illegal any kind of calling no in the u.s. is actually no law against cloning that's what sort of amazing about the current stalemate in Congress the House of Representatives has passed can sounding bands in the last two sessions but the Senate has not acted either time and so we have no law and so it's actually perfectly permissible to do cloning in you so which what's your strong feeling what's your view and if I understand this retirement where is this line yeah, I think we ought to allow human embryos show me that are left over from from reproductive purposes they're not going to be used for reproduction anymore they will be discarded any way to be used in stem cell research with Federal money so that would be expansion of what the current policy allows we've come to a threshold in human history stem cells could improve or save millions of wives so I'm number of therapeutic cloning embryos just for theirselves is unnatural in polio vaccines this is different because you're talking about M's reach after the sun is a microscopic ball of undifferentiated cells where the fertilizer clones there are people and institutes full of bioethicists play study the ethics of life but when it comes time to vote what's the difference between them and you and me nothing think about stem cell research so that we can all make good decisions as Citizens and for our society we've covered a lot of ground but it's just the tip of the iceberg check out eyes of Nye dot o RG for more cool science

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